This paper pinpoints how economic policy efficiency and quality of institution have influenced bank deposit growth in Nigeria during the period 1995-2023, after incorporating Taylor’s Principle to assess the responsiveness of policy through different economic regimes. Application of a Markov switching model allows the differential impacts of periods of economic expansion and contraction to be depicted on bank deposit growth, the loan-to-deposit ratios, and liquidity ratios. The findings show that the monetary policy rate, interacting with fiscal variables of government expenditure and tax revenue, exerts regime-sensitive effects on banking resilience. Simultaneously, institutional quality variables of regulatory quality and government effectiveness were observed to be highly influential in shaping bank deposit behavior over the cycle. Other determinants of the stability of banks include economic uncertainty and financial development, the later suggesting deposit protection during contraction. The study, therefore, facilitates priorities in adaptive policy frameworks in Nigeria by striking a proper balance between strong institutional frameworks and flexible economic policies that would ensure resilience in the banking sector across economic fluctuations.

Crop productivity mainly depends on soil type, which exhibits different properties depending on soil composition and texture particularly, the ratio of sand and clay. A research was carried out to investigate the effect of different ratios of sand and clay composition on growth and biochemical aspects of Barley Hordeum vulgare (L.) and variations in soil physical and chemical properties were tested. During the experiment, plants were grown in eleven sets of soils and each having a distinctive ratio of sand and clay. Different vegetative growth parameters and biochemical aspects were observed under soils with different ratios of sand and clay and also the soil properties were tested. Results indicated that barley grows well in sandy soils. The number of leaves, branches, fruits, plant height, proteins, and chlorophylls were significantly (P<0.05) increased in sandy soils. Whereas in soil analysis moisture, hygroscopic water, pH, CEC, chlorides, organic matter were significantly (P<0.05) increased for clayey soils. This reveals that barley should be grown in sandy soil for its better growth and productivity compared to clayey soil which is not favorable to its growth.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield is adversely affected by the weeds competition especially Asphodelus tenuifolius CAV. a noxious and troublesome weed in southern districts of KP province-Pakistan. In some chickpea fields, the A. tenuifolius density was recorded so high that farmers leave their fields unharvested. The instant trials were conducted for three consecutive years during 2015, 2016 and 2017 to manage the weeds especially A. tenuifolius in chickpea, at the Agriculture Research Station (ARS) District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. The treatments included Bromoxynil + MCPA 40 EC, Starane-M 50 EC, Stomp 330 EC (PRE) @ 2.5 L ha-1, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 6.9 EC, Sorghum halepense allelopathic extracts, Cyperus rotundus allelopathic extracts , Mulching (Wheat straw), Mulching (Eucalyptus leaves), , A. tenuifolius allelopathic extract + Stomp and untreated check for comparison. The data were collected on nitrogen free content, crude protein %, ash %, crude fats and the oil contents of the chickpea seeds. The experiments were laid out in a RCB design. The means data showed maximum nitrogen free content %, crude protein %, ash %, crude fats and oil content (68.95 %, 17.76 %, 2.96%, 4.90 %, and 5.96% respectively that were observed in the treatment of Stomp 330 EC and the minimum values of 59.65, 15.41, 2.38, 4.04 and 5.04 %, respectively were found in all the five untreated check plots. Thus it was concluded that Stomp 330 EC increased the nutritional composition of chickpea seeds.

Organic soil amendments are recognised by their ability to improve the soil environment and crop productivity. Hence, it is suggested to be used for overcoming the soil water stress and enhancing cucumber productivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different biochar addition rates namely; B1 (0%), B2 (1.4%) and B3 (2.8%) (weight by weight) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in depleted loam soil and irrigated by different deficit irrigation (DI) consisted of W1 (1.0), W2 (0.60) and W3 (0.40) as a percentage of ET0. The results obtained from the two seasons revealed the maximum values of soil moisture content (31.6-32.5 %), yield (57-60.5 t ha-1), and water use efficiency (10.94- 11.3 kg m-3) for B2 treatment. The statistical analysis showed that B2W2 treatment has the advantage of having 40% of water-saving over B0W1. B2 enables the soil to absorb and store more water within the root zone particularly when combined with W2 and W3. The results suggested that the use of biochar could successfully reduce the water stress for cucumber plantations.

Weeds effect the overall wellbeing of crop; however, this effect may be of more interest when the effects of weeds are assessed synergistically. We studied the impact of selected weeds on the wheat plants in our experiment premeditated in lab and in the field conditions. The cooperative impact of some selected weeds (Avena sativa, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Lathyrus sativus, Phalarus minor and Rumex dentatus,) on different wheat varieties were analyzed considering different growth parameters of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). In this study we found that concentration of weeds as well as of recipient species is the main determinant, which shaped stimulatory or inhibitory impact. The low concentrations of extracts were stimulatory on selected parameters i.e. fresh and dry weight, nodes number, plant height, plumule length and radical length; however, higher concentrations showed reduced growth. In conclusion, the inhibition of wheat growth is subject to concentration i.e., as the concentration of weeds extracts intensifies the inhibiton impact rises.

ABSTRACT\nThe main aim of the study is to determine the minimum and maximum number of hives that should be supported by determining what the lowest cost of production capacity of the beekeeping enterprises that receive support from the IPARD I program in Van province should be. The main material of the study consists of questionnaire data collected from beekeeping enterprises that receive support from the IPARD I program in Van province. There are 94 samples and they have been selected according to the \"Purposive Sampling Method\". The \"Neyman Method\", one of the simple random stratified sampling methods, has been used in the distribution of these 94 samples according to the size of the enterprises. The size of the enterprises has been determined according to the number of the hives and calculated with 95% confidence interval and %5 margin of error. According to number of hives used in production in 2016 production season, there are 17 enterprises of 0-100 colony size, 22 enterprises of 101-250 colony size, and 55 enterprises of 251 and above colony size. The beekeeping enterprise should have minimum 81 hives to earn their living. Cost curves of enterprises per 1 kg honey production has been determined and accordingly cost functions have been estimated. As a result of cost functions and quadratic trend model, the optimal production capacity in the enterprises has been determined as 674 hives.

Introduction: Insecticides are widely used in crops as an intensive farming practice to protect plants from insects and aiming to increase crop yield in agricultural lands. This project aimed to assess the changes in agronomic, physiological, and some biochemical attributes of different vegetables (Brassica napus L. Lactuca sativa L. Spinacia oleraceae L.) after exposure to insecticide (cypermethrin) at different dose rates. \nMethodology: Experimentation was accomplished in a completely randomized design with each of four treatments of Cypermethrin involving unsprayed control replicated three times. Different concentrations of Cypermethrin (0, 10, 50, 100ppm) were applied in the form of aerial spray at 5 leaves stage on different crops. \nResults: We found that Cypermethrin differentially affected the selected parameters profile of all three plants. Most somatic (root and shoot length, root and shoot fresh weight, fresh and dry weight leaves, No. of leaves) physiological (comparative water content and electrolyte leakage) and biochemical parameters such as carotenoids entire carbohydrates chlorophyll, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, proteins, flavonoids, phenols, antioxidants, lycopene, beta-carotene, and lipid peroxidation) showed a significant positive role at 100 ppm in Brassica napus L. and Lactuca sativa L. and Spinacea oleracea L. as compare to control plants. \nConclusion: So, the current study concluded that Cypermethrin which is used as an insecticide for different plants also plays a greater stimulatory effect on growth for studied crops when applied 100 ppm concentration.

ABSTRACT\nThe most remarkable technology brought to dairy farms by the digital transformation in agriculture is undoubtedly robotic milking systems (RMS). Knowing the economic impact of this technology is essential for farmers to adopt. For this purpose, in the study; a simulation model was created that gives possible economic analysis results as a result of the use of RMS by using the current economic analysis results of dairy farms. For the economic analysis of dairy farms, data obtained from face-to-face surveys from 148 dairy farms were used. Assumptions used in the simulation model for comparing RMS and conventional milking systems (CMS) were; 8.66% increase in milk yield, 58.46% increase in investment costs, 36.66% increase in energy consumption, 1.33% increase in feed costs and 27.84% decrease in labor input. These assumed percentage change values had been applied to the respective input and output items. The economic analysis of the dairy farms was made again with these new input and output values obtained. The economic analysis was carried out by three farm groups created according to numbers of milking cows. While the simulation results show that the use of RMS is a preferable investment that increases profitability for 10-60 head and 121 + head groups; it shows that it will be an investment that negatively affects profitability for the 61-120 head group.

Fungicides are used to control fungal diseases by killing the fungus that causes the disease. Fungicides are used to protect the plants from various fungal diseases. This project was designed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of fungicide Puslan on agronomic (root length, shoot length, No. of leaves, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, leaves fresh weight, and dry weights) physiological (relative water content and electrolyte leakage) and some biochemical attributes (chlorophyll, carotenoids, reducing and non-reducing sugars, total carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, phenols, antioxidants, lycopene, beta-carotene, and lipid peroxidation) of different vegetables (Brassica napus, Lactuca sativa, Spinaciaoleraceae). The experiment was done in a completely randomized block design. Different concentrations of Puslan (0, 10, 50, 100ppm) were applied in the form of aerial spray at 5 leaves stage in a pot. Puslan differentially affected the selected parameters of all the three plants. Most vegetative, physiological, and biochemical parameters exhibited significant positive role at 10 ppm in Brassica napus and Lactuca sativa and Spinacia oleracea as compare to control plants. The current study concluded that Puslan which is used as a fungicide for different plants also plays a positive role for studied crops when applied at 10 ppm concentration.

Restriction of the feed antibiotics in the diets of farm animals formed a new economical and research challenge: necessity of new feed additives providing immunomodulating effects. There are numerous species / strains of fungi which could serve as immunomodulators. This fungal activity has been established and well-known, however, till present time the preparations production is complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. In this brief essay, we present information on some immunomodulating feed additives and draw attention to possibility of the waste-free fungi cultivation directly on feed substrates.\n-\nLa restricción de los antibióticos en los piensos en las dietas de los animales de granja constituyó un nuevo desafío económico y de investigación: la necesidad de nuevos aditivos alimentarios que proporcionen efectos inmunomoduladores. Existen numerosas especies / cepas de hongos que podrían servir como inmunomoduladores. Esta actividad fúngica se ha establecido y es bien conocida, sin embargo, hasta el momento actual, la producción de preparados es complicada, requiere mucho tiempo y es cara. En este breve ensayo, presentamos información sobre algunos aditivos alimentarios inmunomoduladores y llamamos la atención sobre la posibilidad del cultivo de hongos sin desperdicios directamente en los sustratos del alimento.

Studies have shown the synergism of co-inoculation with symbiotic (rhizobia) and non-symbiotic (associative) N2-fixing bacteria, efficiently contribute to plant development. However, for crops such as forage legumes, data on the use of co-inoculation are still incipient, requiring studies to identify the contribution of this technique for application in pasture areas, thus ensuring greater sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5) and native rhizobia isolated from two forage legumes, Crotalaria spectabilis and Lupinus albus. Two experiments were installed, one for each plant, in pots with 8dm³. Both were conducted in a randomized block design (DBC) with four replications and an 8 x 2 factorial scheme with six bacterial strains and two control treatments without inoculation (with presence or absence of mineral nitrogen), co-inoculated or not with the Ab-V5 strain. To evaluate the synergism, rhizobia strains that proved to be efficient, intermediate, and inefficient in promoting plant growth were chosen, carried out through previous cross inoculation experiments on C. spectabilis and L. albus. Plants were cultivated until the time of flowering when shoot (SDM) and root dry matter (RDM), number (NN) and nodule dry matter (NDM), and relative symbiotic efficiency (RSE) were evaluated. Isolates 05-21 and 06-03, for C. spectabilis and L. albus, respectively, indicated higher potential to promote plant growth when co-inoculated with Ab-V5, showing potential to act as substitutes for nitrogenous chemical fertilizers, reducing costs and increasing the sustainability of production.

Sunflower is one kind of plant with high potential in vegetable oil production and a highly nutritious food source. The selection of a sunflower genotype for oil production and as a valuable food source concerns different criteria necessary to evaluate the potential sunflower genotypes. This research aims to evaluate and select a potential sunflower genotype for the production of oil and as a nutritious food source, as well as examine the relationship of oil and seed yield toward the nutrient content of sunflower seeds on correlation analysis and path analysis. The research utilizes a randomized group design with three replications and nine sunflower genotypes that originate from Indonesia. This research indicated that the NOA50 genotype has excellent potential for oil production and as a nutritious food source. The NOA11 genotype, which has the highest oil content, shows potential for increased oil production. The negative correlation between seed yield and carbohydrate content and the positive correlation between oil yield and kernel yield indicates the actual relationships based on path-analysis. The correlation between the seed yield and oil yield characteristics with other characteristics may have indirect effects.

Abstract\nCOVID-19 have been known to the scientific community recently. The present study was aimed to explain the correlation between the body mass index and the levels of plasma lipid profile in patients with COVID-19 infection. The present study was carried out on 112 patients with COVID-19 infection. Patients were divided into two groups according to the infection severity (mild and severe). Also, each group was divided into two subgroups according to the patient’s body mass index. The body mass index of males and females with mild COVID-19 infection ranged from 31- 32. Also, the body mass index of males and females with severe COVID-19 infection ranged from 23- 25. All patients with mild COVID-19 infection had a normal level of D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, C-reactive protein, serum creatinine, total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) when compared to normal range. However, levels of plasma, triacylglycerols, d-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, C-reactive protein and serum creatinine of patients with severe COVID-19 infection were significant increase when compared to normal range. Also, plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) of patients with severe COVID-19 infection were significant decrease when compared to normal control (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The levels of the biochemical parameters was corelated with the patient body mass index and the infection severity.

The importance of donor-acceptor conjugated molecules have been increased since last few decades. These molecules are attracting great attention in the field of academics and also in industries. These molecules contain conjugated system with electron donor (rich) and electron acceptor (deficient) group attached to it. In these molecules, the electrons are transferred from HOMO of electron donating unit to LUMO of electron accepting unit. These conjugated molecules have wide applications in solar cells, bio sensors, photovoltaics, organic field transistors and many others. Many researches have been done on these conjugated molecules so as to encourage these materials as a potential candidate for optoelectronic and electroluminescent properties. This review gives an outline of the synthesis of various donor acceptor conjugated molecules by alternatively combining different acceptor units and donor units using different cross coupling reactions like Stille coupling reaction, Buchwald-Hartwig coupling, Suzuki coupling, direct arylation, Ullman cross coupling and Eglinton-Glaser coupling reactions.

Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was found among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds. Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg/100 g), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE/100 g). The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids and the other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.80 and 528.50 µg/kg, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.70 and 297.90 µg/kg fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were found for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highy correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69).