Given the scarcity of water and the concentration of watermelon cultivation in areas with low productivity and high-water requirements, this research aimed to develop an economic plan for watermelon production using linear programming. This study revealed that watermelon production was concentrated in the Makkah region at 70.42%, followed by Riyadh at 13.98%. Watermelon productivity also varied between regions, with most regions exceeding the estimated productivity of the Jazan region, ranging from a minimum of 3.3% for the Najran region to a maximum of 37.1% for the Eastern Province. The total water used for watermelon production amounted to 274.12 million m3, representing 2.58% of the average amount of water used for agricultural purposes, which amounted to 10.62 billion m3 during the period 2019-2023. The proposed plan includes cultivating the same area of 25.53 thousand hectares, of which 21.23 thousand hectares are allocated to the Eastern Province, followed by Riyadh with an area of 3.47 thousand hectares, then Medina, Tabuk, and Hail with areas of 595.1, 154.4, and 81.1 hectares, respectively. The proposed economic orientation requires the use of 213.56 million m3 of water for watermelon production, representing 77.91% of the available water amount of 274.12 million m3. This leaves a water resource surplus of 60.56 million m3, representing 22.09% of the available water amount. Total watermelon production amounts to 701.05 thousand tons. Therefore, production under the proposed economic orientation increases by 90.7 thousand tons compared to its current counterpart, an increase of 14.86%. Finally, this study recommends the need to reconsider the agricultural policy for watermelon production, with the aim of increasing production and rationalizing water consumption.

Traditional non-repudiation methods often face challenges such as document tampering and difficulties in verifying user identity. This research addresses these issues by employing RSA encryption and SHA-256 hashing to enhance document security and strengthen non-repudiation mechanisms. The study develops and implements a digital signature architecture that integrates cryptographic techniques to verify both the origin and the integrity of digital documents. System performance was evaluated through experiments measuring its ability to prevent manipulation and authenticate signer identity. The findings demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly improves document security and non-repudiation, effectively safeguarding against unauthorized modifications while providing reliable proof of origin. Furthermore, this work highlights the potential for applying the solution in social networking environments, where secure, authentic, and verifiable interactions are essential to building trust in digital communication.

The present studies were conducted to estimate genetic divergence among 24 cotton genotypes using Principal Component, Correlation and Cluster analyses regarding yield and quality traits. The correlation analysis showed that staple length and nodes to first fruiting branch has positive correlation with yield. While CLCuV % has negative correlation with staple length. In Principal Component Anaysis, 4 out of eight principal components were selected with Eigen value ˃ 1. These four principal components contributed 64.9 % towards variability while the remaining principal components contributed 35.1 % towards total variability. The first two PCs has maximum positive factor loadings for yield, yield related traits and fiber quality traits. A biplot between PC-I and PC-II exhibited that the earliness traits i.e. days to first square, days to first flower, days to first boll open and monopodia per plant and CLCuV % contributed maximum towards variability. A scree plot further highlights the partitioning of principal components and major contribution first two principal components towards variability. In cluster analysis, 24 genotypes were grouped in 5 clusters. Cluster 1 & 5 were the largest having 7 genotypes while cluster 3 with four and clusters 2 & 4 with 3 genotypes. Clusters 2, 4 & 5 expressed maximum values for yield, yield traits and fiber quality traits.

This study aims to evaluate the quality of five types of Algerian honey in terms of sugar profile and physicochemical properties. The honey samples were collected in different locations and under different climatic conditions. The carbohydrates were analysed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Their general physico-chemical parameters were also evaluated. The HPAEC-PAD was used for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of six mono- and disaccharides. The averages of physicochemical properties such as moisture, pH, EC, HMF and colour (Pfund) were 16.32±0.04; 4.36±0.00; 0.37±0.37; 09.84±0.19 and 75.4±0.24, respectively. The results showed that for monosaccharides, the average for fructose is 42.63, while that for glucose is 30.91. Disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, isomaltose and turanose are 0.54; 0.97; 0.97; and 1.04, respectively. The content of reducing sugars and the fructose/glucose ratio are very important criteria in honey; 73.60% is the average of reducing sugars in all samples, while 1.38 represents the fructose/glucose ratio. Thus, the results showed that Algerian honey is natural, there is no sugar added to the nutrition of the bees, and it can be preserved for a long period. The honey samples are of good and high quality and can also be exported internationally.

The study was conducted to investigate the comparatively the browsing levels of Honamli, Hair, and Saanen goats on saplings in a new forest plantation site for six months. Several treatments (fishing net, shading, food colouring, and raffia) were applied to saplings. Two years old 30 goats including 10 animals for each breed were used. There was a statistically significant difference among the breeds in terms of their browsing on untreated saplings (P<0.05). While the effect of measurement month was statistically significant (P<0.05) for both all treated saplings and untreated saplings, the observation time did not have a statistically significant effect (P>0.05) except for saplings treated with shading. The maximum browsing was observed in saplings treated with raffia (89.28%), which was followed by those treated with food colouring (75.79%) and fishing net (75.39%), respectively. Additionally, damage rate of the saplings with shading (17.85%) in particular was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to the other treated saplings. It was thought that results of this study would make contribution for issues of goat, sapling and forest from a different viewpoint. Considering that forest and goat are not alternative to each other and evaluating goats as a part of ecosystem will be useful to solving this problem.

Euphorbia davidii Subils is one of the main weed species present in the central area of Argentina. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate on E. davidii control, under different phosphorus and sulfur content in the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the P and S contents in the soil on the efficacy of glyphosate to control E. davidii. Two independent experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in a completely randomized design with four replications, using three doses of glyphosate (0, 712, 1068 and 1424 g a.e. ha-1) on plants growing with three levels of P and S (5, 10 and 15 ppm P and SO4-2 respectively). At 5 ppm SO4-2, the 712 g a.e. ha-1 dose of glyphosate showed phytotoxicity ≤50% and evidenced differences with the 1068 and 1424 g a.e. ha-1 doses of the herbicide. The shoot dry weight showed only differences between the doses of glyphosate applied at low levels of phosphorus (5 ppm P). Besides, we observed that nutritional deficiency causes a delay in the onset of symptoms of phytotoxicity related to glyphosate. We can conclude that the nutritional status of E. davidii plants influenced the efficacy of glyphosate treatments. Finally, we suggest to check and control the nutritional status of agricultural plots and include fertilization practices as part of the information for decision-making within integrated weed management.

This study investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli in tomatoes (35 samples) purchased form seven traditional markets.. All E. coli isolates were investigated for their antimicrobial resistance with the disc diffusion test, using eight kinds of antibiotic discs (BD). The results of this study obtained E. coli bacteria in 31 samples (88.58%) of tomatoes. Antibiotic susceptibility from tomatoes (n = 31) in terms of overall resistance (R) 65,32 %, intermediate resistance (I) 9,68 %, and susceptibility (S) 25%. Antibiotic amoxicilin (100%), ampicillin (93,54%), cefixime (87,10%), cefotaxime (77,42%), sulphamethoxazole (45,16%), ciprofloxacin (29,03%) dan azithromycin (19,35%), were all resistant to E. coli from tomato samples. Multidrug-resistant E. coli was found in tomato samples from Jember, Indonesia (58.06%) with resistance from four to eight antibiotics. Good agricultural practices on farms as well as trader’s hygienic practices and washing tomatoes properly or processed before consumption are highly recommended to prevent potential threats to public health.

Aromatic plants are known for its aroma, flavour, culinary component of the cosmetic, medicine (therapeutics), health food etc. India has favorable agro-climatic conditions for cultivation of various aromatic crops and these have immense potential for providing livelihood to support to small farmers. To meet the internal and international demands, it has now become imperative to produce the quality raw materials in significant quantities for which every parameter need to be taken care through which quality planting materials can be obtained with maximum yield. Soil mixtures play a key role to soil fertility and productivity. Hence, rich source of macro and micro nutrients helps to promote and sustain the growth of vegetables, flower beds for both indoor and outdoor plants. Many of the managerial and labour problems affecting growers are directly related to mixing and handling growing media. Thus, it is important for growers to determine the costs associated with preparing their own media or purchasing a commercial mix. Keeping in view the importance of soil mixtures the present study aimed to find out suitable, eco-friendly and cost effective soil substrate for better growth of aromatic plants. Different substrates such as coconut coir, groundnut shell powder, banana peel powder and rice husk were studied and analysed for its impact on plant growth with respect to plant height, flowering, height & width of leaves. As these substrates are cheap, eco-friendly, natural and mainly agricultural waste hence, utilization is one of best way to overcome with the problem of agricultural waste. The findings of this research may be valuable in selecting the most appropriate soil mixtures and in predicting the best suitable substrate for sustainable growth of plants.

The genotypes and fruit samples of Sechium were randomly collected for fruit traits such as length (FL), width (FW), circumference/girth (FC) and number of ridges (FR) from the various parts of village Kigwema of Kohima district, Nagaland at mean value of latitude (25.60690 N), longitude (94.34250 E) and altitude (1538 masl). Fruit samples trait and genotypes suggested normal distribution in histogram plot and found satisfactory normality test. Anova suggested significant differences in fruit sample traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. The PCV and GCV was recorded maximum for trait, FL while maximum heritability was recorded for trait, FC. High heritability and high genetic advance estimates for trait, FC suggests that it could be considered for further improvement through various plant breeding programs. PCA showed that traits, FL and FR are responsible for most of the variations observed in the fruit morphology and could be considered for the fruit improvement of genotypes. The trait, Fwd recorded highest and positive direct value indicates towards the direct selection of the trait for the improvement of the fruit.