It is affirm that a tremendous surge in wide acceptance and public interest in healthcare management with the natural herbals worldwide. The use of herbal medicines with its different forms continues to expand expeditiously along with the strong economic benefits across the globe. Despite their widespread versatile applications, the availability of the raw materials as well as finished herbal products is varied with the quality and hence the variation observed in the quality. This disparity in the quality of herbal preparations is due to the complicated management of production with regard to the quality of basic raw plant materials. Again, the main sources of raw materials of plant species are from the forest zone of different climatic conditions. Therefore, domestication of the wild sources plant through proper systemic cultivation is essential. Good agricultural practise, processing, pre and post harvesting practises have been highlighted in recent times as a significant tool for ensuring the protection and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants and their products for economic growth. The present article reviewed with the focus of various problems, developments strategies concern for the pre and post harvesting technologies, drying techniques, storage of raw materials, and various modern extraction technologies of the medicinal and aromatic plant resources to provide sustainable quality herbal products with increase recovery of plant secondary metabolites.

To investigate the individual and combined effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with chemical and biological sources on the yield components of sunflower (Eroflor Hybrid), a field study was developed and executed in the 2017-18 crop year in Hamedan, Iran. The experimental design of this research study included a combination of two factorial experiments. The first experiment was designed based on the application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) chemical fertilizers, and the second experiment was designed based on the application of nitrogen-fixing (n) and phosphate-solubilizing (p) biofertilizers, both executed as 3×3 designs with nine treatments and as randomized complete block designs with three repetitions. The results showed that nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers significantly affected the thousand-grain weight, protein percentage, and harvest index. The results also indicated the significant effect of biofertilizers on grain yield and harvest index. Considering the obtained results, using biofertilizers containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azospirillum and Azotobacter) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas and Bacillus) has had positive effects on the improvement of the growth and yield characteristics of sunflower. The lack of a significant difference in the majority of group comparisons between the chemical fertilizer treatments and biofertilizer treatments suggests biofertilizers as suitable alternatives to chemical fertilizers.

Present study was carried to isolate aristolochic acid from the dominant weed Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Elucidation of its structure is carried out by UV, TLC, IR,1H NMR, HPLC, GC-MS, LCMS and X-RAY Crystallography techniques. HPLC analysis showed that quantitative response of aristolochic acid is more in methanol extract than ethyl acetate extract. GCMS and LCMS analysis confirmed its molecular weight 341.20.X ray studies showed that crystal system is monoclinic and space group P21/C. Isolated aristolochic acid screened for its antimicrobial activities against the pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus whentii, Fusarium monoliformae and Penicillum imblicatum.\nAntimicrobial studies led to the significant inhibitory effects against all pathogens. Aristolochic acid serves as an effective antimicrobial agent for development of drug.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the leading cereals in production globally and an important potential food security crop in Ethiopia. However, its productivity is very low mainly due to low soil fertility. Studies on the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers for maize are lacking under Bench Shako conditions. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of combined application of NPS fertilizer and farmyard manure on yield and yield components of maize in Bench Shako Zone, southwestern Ethiopia. The experiment involved factorial combinations of four rates of NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1) and four rates of farmyard manure (0, 6, 12, and 18 ton ha-1) laid out in 4 x 4 factorial arrangements in RCB design with three replications. The results revealed that combined application of NPS fertilizer and farmyard manure significantly (p<0.05) extended tasseling, silking and maturity periods and increased leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of grains per grain-row, thousand-seed weight, grain yield and aboveground biomass. However, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of grains per ear, ear diameter were not affected by combined application of NPS fertilizer and farmyard manure. The highest grain yield (4890 kg ha-1) and aboveground biomass (8439 kg ha-1) were obtained from the combined application of 150 kg h-1 NPS fertilizer + 12 ton ha-1 farmyard manure whereas, the lowest grain yield (2541 kg ha-1) and aboveground biomass (4560.5 kg ha-1) were obtained from the control treatment. Partial budget analysis revealed that the combined application of 150 kg ha-1 NPS fertilizer with 12 ton ha-1 farmyard manure fetched the maximum net return of 59,414 Ethiopian Birr ha-1, hence this combination of fertilizers were recommended for maize cultivation in the study area.

The acceleration of the soil degradation process is due to several factors, mainly, to the inadequate agricultural management practices. The objective was to evaluate the soil mechanical resistance to root penetration over three years of cultivation in different organic production management system in an Ultisol in Northeastern Brazil. The studied areas were: (AFS) agroforestry system, (PAS) passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) cultivation in monoculture, (PIN) pineapple (Ananas comosus) cultivation in monoculture and (BAN) banana (Musa spp.) cultivation in rotation with others crops. For comparison purposes, an area under native forest system (NF) was selected. A completely randomized design was used, and in each area the soil mechanical resistance to the penetration of roots up to 70 cm deep was evaluated, in eight repetitions. It was verified that until 0-40cm depth, the BAN system along with NF system presented the lower resistance to penetration, which means, between 1.1 and 2.5 MPa, presenting small or no change at all when compared over time. Organic production systems that prioritize the contribution of organic matter to the surface and adopt intercropping management have lower mechanical resistance of the soil to root penetration than monocultures.

In our laboratory, we are interested in the study of metabolites produced by the date palm pathosystem - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (F.o.a.) involved in bayoud disease. This will allow us to determine the possible role in the expression of symptoms and the death of date palms. To date, the metabolic profile of this pathogen is unknown. The work we have carried out concerns on one hand the isolation and identification of metabolites produced in vitro by this pathogen, by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and on the other hand effect of the brut toxin extract on sensitive seedlings of date palm \"Deglet Nour (DN)\". The results show that F.o.a. produces numerous and different metabolites on the 7th, 10th and 22nd days after inoculation of the liquid Czapek-Glucose medium. Compared to the Nist 98 database, 46 metabolites have been identified; 9 belong to aliphatic hydrocarbons, 7 to aromatic hydrocarbons, 4 to heterocyclic compounds, 5 to nitrogenous organic compounds and 21 to oxygenated organic compounds. Fusaric acid is the main metabolite representing 20.82% of the total compounds, followed by Stearic acid (13.55%), Oleic acid (10.20%) and phenylacetic acid (9.70%). The seedlings treated with inoculum and crude toxin extract, presents after 23 days of treatment the symptoms of date palm vascular wilt (a curling, a wilting of the leaves and a browning of the roots). There is a positive correlation between the identified compounds and bayoud disease.

Seed germination is generally the critical step in seed establishment and thus the determination of successful crop production This investigation was aimed at examining the effect of low water potential generated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and mannitol on germination parameters and some biochemical parameters related to drought stress and growth of Waha durum wheat genotype. Two tests were carried out in a growth chamber the first comprises a seed germination into Petri dishes in the presence of different concentrations of the two osmoticums (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of PEG6000 and mannitol). The second test was carried out in nutrient solution BD medium. Our results shows that Both PEG -6000 and mannitol reduced germination. So, a rapid increase in the rate of germination which changes in proportion to the time for the control plants and the plants subjected to a concentration of 5 g / L and 10 g / L. For the concentration of 15 g / L and 20g / L, this phase is very short, which explains the reduced germination rate due to the inhibitory effect of the two osmoticums on germination.In this study, PEG-6000 treatments resulted in an increase of some proteins and a decrease of others. Waha displayed 12 bands for control plants, 40 bands for PEG-6000 stressed plants (all treatments) and 35 bands for mannitol treatments.